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Original Article
5 (
2
); 70-76
doi:
10.4103/2321-1407.152059

Treatment effects of myofunctional appliances in different jaw rotations in Class II division 1 malocclusion

Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Address for Correspondence: Prof. Gauri S. Vichare, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: drgauriv@gmail.com

Licence
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Wolters Kluwer and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Abstract

Aim

This retrospective study was conducted to determine skeletal, dentoalveolar changes in children treated with Twin Block or activator for the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion with different jaw rotations.

Materials and Methods

Standardized lateral cephalograms of 32 patients (18 boys, 14 girls) between the ages of 11 and 14 years were chosen and divided into two groups, high angle (FMA >27) and low angle (FMA <20). Cephalograms were taken at T1 (pre-treatment) and T2 (after one year of myofunctional therapy).These were manually traced and analysed.

Results

The results showed statistically significant increase in SNB angle, VRP-Pog due to forward movement of the mandible. The overjet reduced significantly due to retroclination of upper incisors and proclination of lower incisors in both groups.

Conclusion

It was concluded that both high angle and low angle groups responded equally well to myofunctional therapy showing significant skeletal and dentoalveolar changes.

Keywords

Cephalometrics
Class II treatment
functional appliances
jaw rotations

INTRODUCTION

Class II malocclusions can manifest in various skeletal and dental configurations.[1-5] Most Class II patients have a deficiency in the anteroposterior position of the mandible.[6] Several treatment options are available for managing Class II problems, and functional appliances have been used for many years in the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusions. Several varieties of functional appliances are currently in use that aim to improve skeletal imbalances.[7-9] The term functional appliance refers to a variety of orthodontic appliances designed to induce a change in activity of the various muscle groups that influence the function and position of the mandible in order to transmit forces to the dentition and the basal bone. Alteration of maxillary growth, possible improvement in mandibular growth and position, and change in dental and muscular relationships are the expected effects of these functional appliances.[10]

It has been claimed that the forward growth of the maxilla can be inhibited,[3-16] redirected,[17] or unaffected[11-14] by functional appliances. The effect of functional appliances on mandibular growth is controversial. Some authors suggested that mandibular growth can be increased with functional appliance treatment,[15-17] but others believe the appliances have no real effect on mandibular length.[18,19] However, most researchers agree that the appliances produce retroclination of the maxillary incisors[10,14,16] and proclination of the mandibular incisors.[18] There is no consensus on how the molar correction occurs.

Two of the more popular functional appliances used today are the activator[18] and Clark’s Twinblock.[20] Few studies have compared the effects of these appliances.[21,22] Both are tooth-borne, but the twin-block is designed for full-time wear to take advantage of all functional forces applied to the dentition, including the forces of mastication.

According to Schudy,[23] the rotation of the mandible is the result of disharmony between vertical growth and antero-posteior or horizontal growth of the jaws. Accordingly, he describes two types of growth rotations of the mandible. If the condylar growth is greater than the vertical growth in the molar area, the mandible rotates counter-clockwise resulting in more horizontal change of the chin and less increase in anterior face height. Conversely, if vertical growth at the molar area is greater than at the condyles, the mandible rotates clockwise resulting in increased anterior face height and less horizontal change of the chin. Clockwise rotators are supposed to exhibit an unfavorable reaction to functional therapy due to a posterior mandibular rotation.[19]

The purpose of this study was to determine the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue changes in children with different jaw base rotations treated with either the twin block appliance or the activator for the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The sample consisted of the patients who were already treated in the Department. Individual standardized lateral cephalograms of 32 patients (18 boys and 14 girls) taken from the X-Trophy Cephalostat manufactured by Kodak were selected. All the cephalometric radiographs were with the teeth in occlusion.

The inclusion criteria were as follows:

  • Age group was between 11 and 14 years

  • The subjects were treated with a mandibular protrusive appliance (twin block or activator) for the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion.(8-10 h for the activator patient, 14-16 h for the twin block patients, per day)

  • The mean duration of the protrusive appliance treatment was 1 year

  • Inter-occlusal acrylic trimming was performed in a low angle patients to allow unhindered vertical development of the mandibular buccal segments

  • No adjunctive orthodontic treatment either prior to or during the period of functional treatment.

The subjects were divided into two groups:

  • A high angle group (n = 16) with frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA) >27° and

  • A low angle group (n = 16) with FMA < 20°.

Cephalograms taken at T1 (pretreatment) and T2 (after 1 year of wearing myofunctional appliance) for all subjects in both the groups were collected. These cephalograms were traced manually and analyzed on the basis of various landmarks chosen to determine the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue changes in both the groups. The identification of these landmarks was based on the definition by Riolo et al.[24] A vertical reference plane (VRP) through the sella at 97° to the sella–nasion (SN) plane was constructed [Figure 1]. Forty-two angular, linear, and proportional measurements were recorded. The measurements were verified by two authors, and the mean was considered. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis.

A vertical reference plane through the sella at 97° to the sella–nasion plane
Figure 1
A vertical reference plane through the sella at 97° to the sella–nasion plane

Statistical method

A master file was created, and the data were statistically analyzed on a computer using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (Chicago, Ill, USA).The data were subjected to paired t-test. P <0.005 was considered as statistically significant.

RESULTS

The results are presented in tabular form. The mean ages and length of treatment for both groups were similar.

Cranial base variables

At the end of treatment, there was no increase in lateral cranial base length (S-Ar) and the anterior cranial base length (S-N) in both the high and low angle groups. The total cranial base length (Ba-N) was decreased in both the groups. The saddle angle (N-S-Ar) reduced in both the groups. None of these changes were statistically significant [Table 1].

Table 1 Cranial base variable values of the both groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At prereatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
S-Ar (mm) 37.6 4.1 37.7 4.6 0.164 36.3 3.7 36.8 3.5 0.500
S-N (mm) 70.5 2.1 71.5 2.5 0.822 71.6 3.9 72.12 4.2 0.340
Ba-N (mm) 111.2 5.8 109.7 5.4 0.164 110.6 3.8 109.5 5.4 0.425
N-S-Ar (°) 125.8 7.2 125.3 5.6 0.698 126.3 5.1 123.8 5.4 0.028

SD - Standard deviation

Face height variables

The upper anterior face height increased only in the high angle group. The lower anterior face height (LAFH) increased in both groups but showed statistically significant increase in the low angle group only. The upper posterior face height and the lower posterior face height (LPFH) increased in both the groups. The LAFH % was increased in the low angle group but decreased in the high angle group. The LPFH % was decreased in both the groups. The articular angle (S-Ar-Go) decreased in the low angle group but increased in the high angle group [Table 2].

Table 2 Face height variable values of both groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
UAFH (mm) 51.4 3.6 51.3 3.2 0.873 50.7 3.1 51.8 3.1 0.107
LAFH (mm) 61 5.3 63.7 4.7 0.001* 69 4.7 70.5 5.5 0.071
UPFH (mm) 47.5 2.6 49.3 3.3 0.014 49.6 3.1 50.3 3.6 0.312
LPFH (mm) 40.9 4.4 41.7 4.3 0.487 41.5 3.6 42.2 4.1 0.397
%LAFH 51.7 5.4 55.6 2.8 0.036 58 4.9 57.8 4.1 0.783
%LPFH 37.3 7.3 36.8 3.7 0.780 35.6 3.6 34.8 2.7 0.350
S-Ar-Go (°) 137.1 6.7 136.2 6.5 0.444 138.7 5.9 139.7 8.7 0.669

*P<0.005. SD - Standard deviation; UAFH - Upper anterior face height; LAFH - Lower anterior face height; UPFH - Upper posterior face height; LPFH - Lower posterior face height

Antero-posterior variables

The SNA angle remained the same in both groups. The SNB angle showed statistically significant increase in both the groups. The ANB angle reduced in both the groups but not significantly. The horizontal linear distance from the reference plane to condylion (VRP-Cd) decreased in the high angle group only. The horizontal linear distance from the reference plane to anterior nasal spine (VRP-ANS) and point A (VRP-A) remained the same in both the groups. The horizontal linear distance from the reference plane to point B (VRP-B) increased in both the groups but significantly only in the high angle group. The horizontal linear distance from the reference plane to pogonion (VRP-Pog) significantly increased in both the groups. The angle (S-N-Pog) increased in both groups but showed statistically significant increase in the high angle group [Table 3].

Table 3 Antero-posterior variable values of both the groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
SNA (°) 82.2 3.9 82.6 3.5 0.643 82.9 3.5 82.6 3.7 0.732
SNB (°) 76.3 3.9 78.3 3.9 0.004* 75.1 2.7 77.1 3.4 0.001*
ANB (°) 6.4 10.3 5.9 1.7 0.643 9.1 15.7 7.7 2.8 0.745
VRP-Cd (mm) 15.8 3.8 15.2 3.6 0.542 15 3.8 14.1 3.3 0.456
VRP-ANS (mm) 76 4.8 76.1 4.5 0.947 77.6 6.1 77.8 5.5 0.744
VRP-A (mm) 68.8 4.5 68.9 7.1 0.968 71.5 5.2 71.1 5.9 0.548
VRP-B (mm) 60.5 6.4 63.2 7.6 0.024 58.1 6.8 61.6 7.2 0.004*
VRP-Pog (mm) 61.6 6.2 64.9 8.2 0.004* 58.1 6.8 61.6 7.2 0.000*
SN-Pog (°) 78.2 3.6 79.1 3.8 0.140 75.6 2.6 77.6 3.4 0.001*

*P<0.005. SD - Standard deviation; SN - Sella-nasion; VRP - Vertical reference plane; Cd - Condylion; ANS - Anterior nasal spine; Pog - Pogonion

Horizontal variables

The angles S-N-maxillary plane (S-N-MxP) and S-N-mandibular plane (S-N-MnP) increased in both the groups but were not significant. The basal plane angle (MxP-MnP) increased in the low angle group but decreased in the high angle group but the change was not significant [Table 4].

Table 4 Horizontal variable values of both the groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
SN-MxP (°) 5.8 3.2 6.4 3.7 0.533 5 2.2 6.1 3.4 0.205
SN-MnP (°) 27.2 5.1 28.3 6.9 0.393 34.6 5.7 35.3 5.4 0.374
MxP-MnP (°) 21 4 23.4 5.9 0.035 29.5 3.1 28.8 4.8 0.651

SD - Standard deviation; SN - Sella-nasion; MxP - Maxillary plane; MnP - Mandibular plane

Mandibular variables

The ascending ramus length (Cd-Go) and the corpus length (Go-Gn) increased in both the groups but were not significant. The total mandibular length (Cd-Gn) reading was the same in the low angle group but increased in the high angle group. The linear distance from articulare to gnathion (Ar-Gn) and articulare to gonion (Ar-Go) decreased in both the groups. The gonial angle (Ar-Go-Me) showed an increase in both the groups [Table 5]. in the high angle group. The linear distance of the upper molar from the MxP (UM-MxP) and the lower molar from the MnP (LM-MnP) also showed statistically significant increase in both the groups. The linear distance of the upper molar (VRP-UM) from the vertical reference line also showed an increase but not significantly in both groups. The linear distance of the lower molar from the vertical reference plane (VRP-LM) also showed statistically significant increase in both the groups [Table 6].

Table 5 Mandibular dimensions of both the groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
CD-Go (mm) 54.3 4.3 56.1 5.7 0.169 52.6 7.3 54.6 3.3 0.290
CD-Gn (mm) 108.3 6.1 108.7 11.8 0.891 108.6 14.6 110.1 11.6 0.762
Go-Gn (mm) 66.6 5.6 71.3 12.8 0.172 70.68 10.5 73.4 12.1 0.468
Ar-Gn (mm) 166.5 2.5 105.2 6.1 0.345 106.2 8.2 105.3 5.8 0.599
Ar-Go-Me (°) 127 4.9 130 5.2 0.542 130 6.7 133.6 7.1 0.142

SD - Standard deviation

Table 6 Dento-alveolar variables values of both the groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
OJ 10.7 2.6 5.7 1.9 0.0001* 9.7 3.1 5.3 2.3 0.000*
UI-MxP (°) 124.1 5.8 117.9 7.5 0.0004* 120.5 6.7 113.9 5.9 0.000*
LI-MnP (°) 104.3 6.1 102.4 6.4 0.369 101.8 6.4 102.3 8.3 0.006*
II (°) 108.6 7.4 114 9.5 0.048 106.2 7.5 111.9 8.8 0.003*
UM-MxP (mm) 19.4 2.1 20 1.5 0.326 20.3 1.9 21.9 2.5 0.000*
LM-MnP (mm) 28.1 3 30.1 2.6 0.006* 30.8 2.7 32.7 2.3 0.001*
VRP-UM (mm) 40.1 5.5 41.1 5.6 0.101 41.8 5.6 42.4 5.7 0.333
VRP-LM (mm) 39.4 5.7 44.1 5.5 0.000* 40.7 5.6 44.2 5.8 0.000*

*P<0.005. SD - Standard deviation; VRP - Vertical reference plane; LM - Lower molar; UM - Upper molar; MxP - Maxillary plane; MnP - Mandibular plane; LI - Lower incisor; UI - Upper incisor; OJ - Overjet

Dentoalveolar variables

The overjet showed statistically significant decrease in both the groups. The upper incisor inclination (UI-MxP) showed statistically significant decrease in both the groups. The mandibular incisor inclination (LI-MnP) and inter-incisal angle showed statistically significant increase

Soft tissue variables

Perpendicular linear distances from the VRP to soft tissue nasion and VRP-labi-superioris increased in both the groups but were not significant. Perpendicular linear distances from the VRP to glabella remained the same in both the groups. Perpendicular linear distances from the VRP to subnasale increased in the high angle group but perpendicular linear distances from the VRP to labii-inferioris showed statistically significant increase in the low angle group. Perpendicular linear distances from the VRP-Pog significantly increased in both the groups [Table 7].

Table 7 Soft-tissue variable values of both the groups
  Low angle group High angle group
At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P At pretreatment (T1) After 1-year of wearing appliance (T2) P
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
VRP-Gb (mm) 78.7 3.2 78.8 3.6 0.831 79.8 3.9 80.1 5.4 0.794
VRP-SN (mm) 76.6 2.8 77 3.2 0.573 76.7 5.6 77.6 5.3 0.425
VRP-SN (mm) 93.8 9.1 95.4 6.7 0.248 93.6 9.3 93.7 6.9 0.962
VRP-Ls (mm) 90.1 5.4 91.1 6.1 0.119 90.7 8 90.6 7.9 0.881
VRP-Li (mm) 82.3 5.7 86.1 7.8 0.003* 83.1 8.7 85.5 8.1 0.054
VRP-Pog (mm) 72.2 8.5 76.1 8.5 0.007* 70.6 7.9 74.1 7.6 0.004*

*P<0.005. SD - Standard deviation; VRP - Vertical reference plane; SN - Sella-nasion; Pog - Pogonion

DISCUSSION

The discrepancy between the jaws in the development of the stomato-gnathic system plays an important role in the development of Angles Class II Division 1 malocclusions. After 3.8 years of study on a lot of 23 Class II untreated patients, Baccetti et al.[25] have reported that under the influence of normal growth, the length of the mandible is changing with 0-1.2 mm. A previous study, 14.5 months long, on Brazilian Class II untreated subjects of Gomes and Lima,[26] has reported an annual growth rate of 2.16 mm for the horizontal ramus, 3.16 mm for the vertical ramus and 4.31 mm for the total mandibular length.

McNamara (1981)[27] studied the components of Class II malocclusion in children and 8-10 years of age and revealed that the majority have a component of mandibular deficiency. Changing the function of the mandible by inducing the patient to function with the lower jaw placed forward could stimulate mandibular growth thereby correcting a Class II problem. It has been established that functional appliances play a significant role in the correction of sagittal and vertical malrelationship (Schmuth 1983).[6] The change in maxillo-mandibular relationship after forward alteration of the mandibular position results from an interrelated series of changes in several regions within the craniofacial complex (Elgoyhen et al. 1972).[28] Mamandras and Allen (1990)[29] suggested that the persons who have small mandibles may benefit from functional appliance therapy than patients with normal-sized mandibles. This study was conducted to determine the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue changes in children with different jaw rotations treated with either the twin block appliance or the activator for the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion.

All 32 patients selected for this study had undergone functional appliance therapy for correction of a Class II Division I incisor relationship. The subjects were divided into two groups as high angle group (n = 16) with FMA >27° and a low angle group (n = 16) with FMA <20°. The statistically significant changes were seen with the SNB angle and the linear distance from the VRP-Pog in both the high and low angle groups suggesting favorable response to myofunctional appliances by posturing the mandible forward. There was an increase in the corpus length (Go-Gn) in both the groups but not significantly.

The SNA angle, the horizontal distance from VRP-A and VRP-ANS, remained the same for both the groups, suggesting that the functional appliances had a restraining effect on the maxilla. When the mandible was postured forward by the functional appliances, a reciprocal force acted distally on the maxilla, redirecting growth.[30]

Amongst the dentoalveolar changes, both the groups showed statistically significant reduction in the overjet by retroclination of the upper incisors and proclination of the lower incisors. Mandibular molars significantly moved ahead in relation to the VRP and also showed significant vertical eruption in both the groups. The forward movement of mandibular molars could be attributed to the repositioning of the mandible. The vertical eruption of the molars in the low angle group was because of interocclusal acrylic trimming which was carried out to allow unhindered vertical development of the mandibular buccal segments. As a protocol, all the high angle patients were treated with activator only to restrict further vertical growth. In the high angle group inter-oclussal trimming was not done of the activators, but there was vertical eruption of molars that may have been due to the part-time wear of the activator in the high angle patients. In the upward and forward rotators, that is, in low angle group, these changes are expected, and the literature also supports these findings. But significant findings were also found in the high angle group, which were unexpected. As our study was limited only to a 1 year duration, long-term follow-up of this group is required to further evaluate these findings.

In the low angle group, we found that there is a statistically significant increase in the gonial angle and the LAFH which could be attributed to the upward and mesial movement of the mandibular molars indicating that the horizontal growers showed a favorable response to mandibular advancement by enhancing eruption of posteriors.

In the high angle group, though there was a significant increase in the S-N-Pog and VRP-B, which indicates forward movement of the mandible. This forward movement did not cause a significant increase in the LAFH; that shows that in the high angle group there was a good control on the downward and backward rotation of mandible. In this group, we also found that the lower incisors are significantly proclined because of the forward positioning of the mandible.

Functional appliances have been shown to stimulate bone apposition at the posterior pole of the condyle,[31-34] this therapeutic effects coincides with the inherited condylar growth direction in vertical growers[35] and this could explain the unexpected favorable skeletal changes in high angle group.

CONCLUSION

In this study, it was found that both the high angle and low angle groups responded equally well to the myofunctional therapy, in fact, in the high angle group, we found significant changes in more number of variables including skeletal and dentoalveolar parameters.

LIMITATIONS

  • Duration of the study was short. This study evaluates the effects of myofunctional appliances after 1 year only, which may not be permanent. So a further study with an increased sample size and followed for a longer time period will greatly improve the authenticity of our results

  • The amount of sagittal and vertical advancement during bite registration for myofunctional appliances was not taken into consideration.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the Dr. Vinit Swami sincerely for his help in sample acquisition. We would also like to thank Mr. Suyog Joshi for the help with the statistical analysis.

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